For years, scientists have been attempting to engineer tiny, artificial cilia for miniature robotic systems that can perform complex motions, including bending, twisting, and reversing. Building these smaller-than-a-human-hair microstructures typically requires multi-step fabrication processes and varying stimuli to create the complex movements, limiting their wide-scale applications.
source https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-science-news/self-propelled-endlessly-programmable-artificial-cilia
